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Domain dispute resolution is usually handled through arbitration under the Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy (UDRP), avoiding traditional courts. The main arbitral bodies include the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the Forum (formerly NAF), both authorized by ICANN. Other accredited providers include the Asian Domain Name Dispute Resolution Centre (ADNDRC) and the Czech Arbitration Court (CAC). These organizations offer fast, document-based proceedings to resolve cases involving cybersquatting, bad-faith registration, or trademark conflicts.
For country-code top-level domains (ccTLDs), dispute resolution varies. Some ccTLDs adopt UDRP or modified versions handled by these same providers, for instance, .CO (Colombia), .ME (Montenegro), and .TV (Tuvalu) are managed through WIPO. Others use national systems: France (.FR) relies on the AFNIC PARL EXPERT procedure; Canada (.CA) uses the CDRP via Resolution Canada. In contrast, countries like Germany (.DE) or Russia (.RU) require disputes to be resolved through their national court systems, with no formal extrajudicial procedure in place.